The “Structure” of Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis / New York / Berlin // +1 (347) 232-5102 // Comparative Literature / University of Munich // mcoelen@lmu.de.
January 9, 3:15 pm EST / 21h15 CET // via “zoom” and at the Psychoanalytic Library in Berlin.
DasUnbehagen New York
Berlin School for Psychoanalysis after Freud and Lacan
Pulsion – International Institute of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychosomatics
The Foundation for Community Psychoanalysis
The seminar is free of charge and open to anyone. It is possible to join at any moment.
[October 17, 31; November 7, 21; December 12; January 9], 30; February 13, 27; March 13.
3:15 pm – 4:45 pm EST / 21:15 – 22:45 CET.
The sessions will each time take place on “zoom” via https://us06web.zoom.us/j/82940235571 // as well as in person in New York (at The Foundation for Community Psychoanalysis, 81 Court Street, Brooklyn NY 11201) // and in Berlin (Forum for Psychoanalytic Practice – PsyBi, Geisbergstraße 27, Schöneberg) // next meeting in Berlin on December 12th.
While joining the virtual meetings you might be asked to provide a code.
383 877
The seminar has a mailing list for those who would like to exchange ideas, share texts etc. To join the list please email mcoelen@icloud.com.
A Dropbox will be provided with texts relevant to the seminar. The link to the box can be obtained by joining the mailing list.
The seminar will be accompanied by a clinical study group starting in January 2026, the participation in which is determined by certain conditions: if interested, please email mcoelen@icloud.com. Dates: January 16, February 20, March 6, April 3.
"[...] the word structure is no better than the word free association [...]"
(J. Lacan, … ou pire)
"[...] that stupid structure of mine—turns out to be a knot [...]"
(J. Lacan, Les non-dupes errent)
"[...] boeuf, lac, ciel, rouge, triste, cinq, fendre, voir [...]
(F. de Saussure, Ms. fr. 3961)
"Let's leave de Saussure alone!"
(J. Lacan, Les écrits techniques de Freud)
A peculiar dissonance: Whereas no science or theory today would claim to be exclusively “structuralist,” would embrace “structure” as the first and last word on either the model or the real of its object, the term structure enjoys ample usage in psychoanalysis, especially where it defines itself under some influence of the teachings and writings by Jacques Lacan.
Does “Lacanian” psychoanalysis cling—for reasons perhaps justifiable—to a notion elsewhere seen as epistemologically obsolete? And then why? Or has the term simply fallen from a height of theoretical precision and rigor into the everydayness of language games where it is bestowed with a halo of gravity, and employed almost synonymously with “system,” “architecture,” “construction,” “inner core,” etc.? Is “structure” able to afford such imprecision? And what happens to structure—or to that, what the concept once tried to catch—if “structure” can mean almost anything and next to nothing? Is the sexual structural? Which afterlife of linguistic structuralism is implied in using “signifiers”? What do we inherit from the “elementary structures of kinship” in anthropology? Which resonances with “mathematical structures” could be taken into account? What affect does structure “trigger”?
And perhaps most importantly, how do the so-called “clinical structures,” or the “way someone is structured”—expressions often used as if designating the property, the inner make-up of a person, mind, or psyche—relate to the attempt at divesting psychoanalysis from psychology by minimalizing its vocabulary and projecting it onto a plane that is determined by the notion of “structure” and only a few others?
This seminar aims to address these questions and elaborate on their relevance for psychoanalytic theory and practice today. We will cover pieces of the history of structuralism as well as of the history of the term “structure” preceding or surrounding it; we will think through the theoretical implications of structure for psychoanalysis’s relation to contemporary science; we will confront the structure (in Lacan) with the psychic apparatus (in Freud) as well as the grid (in Bion); we will ask about “clinical structures” and their relevance in analytic work.
[1./ October 17: introduction / structure as word, concept or—"structure" / moments of structure in Lacan / Bataille and heterogeneity // 2./ October 31: more introduction and on “structure,” as well as on heterogeneity in Bataille / some words on linguistics and Saussure] // 3./ November 7: the invention of linguistic structure / Saussure susurre structure // 4./ November 21: the value of structure in Lacan in the 1950s I //] 5./ December 12: "let's leave de Saussure alone!" / the value of structure in Lacan in the 1950s II // 6./ January 9: the value of structure in Lacan III / psychosis as construction-and-reduction ground //] 7./ January 30: structure for structure and against formalism, or: transformation in Levi-Straussa / a drift from bottom to top towards wardward: the loose ends of Gegensinn / Benveniste, Abel, Freud // 8./ February 13: Freud and formalist writing / negation / the apparatus and the complex / nexus // 9./ February 27: Lacan / graphs, rims, holes, typos / leftovers of structure // 10./ March 13: is there a structure in the clinic? /// The syllabus is subject to transformation.
In the first session (on October 17), we started presenting the cause, aim, and frame of the seminar. After some practicalities, we evoked several hypotheses concerning “structure:” An indispensable concept? A word “too many”? A contranym? An excessive gesture against language? Logic or tool? Foundational or volatile? One, many, heterogeneous? We excerpted some pieces of its archives in philosophy, science, and linguistics. We drew upon passages from various texts by Lacan (1955, 1971-72, 1973, 1974) to initiate a symptomatic reading of “structure”—to drift, with Bataille (1930a, 1930b, 1932-1934, 1933), into heterogeneity. Balmes (2011), Benveniste (1966), Derrida (1993), Dosse (1992), Freud (1925), Malabou (2002), Milner (1995, 2002), Petitot (1999), Serres (1968), and others either contributed or were in the background.
In the second session (on October 31), we went again over some of the introductory elements from the first meeting, with loose reference to lemmas of “structure” in dictionaries such as Cassin (2004/2014), Chemama (1993), Lewis & Short (1879), Rey (1992), and Ritter (1971-2007). We also took another look at Bataille’s (1930b, 1932-1934, 1933) method of phantasmagoria, anxiety, and “lived experience,” and how it wrote a fable of “structure” as failing hominization. Plants, worms, coarseness, disoriented orientation, the face as excretory site, knots, nuts, and space spat out with homophonic noise appeared as some of the tendrils and spandrels often accompanying the utterance of “structure.” From structure as word, we then made first steps towards the word as structure: to where the “word” and other elements of speech and language, from phonemes to syntax, came to be discovered—or invented—as “structural,” i.e., in modern linguistics. With the help of commentaries by Milner 1995, 2002), we briefly referred to Jakobson (1962; 1971), Benveniste (1962), and other “structuralists” to then start drawing a picture of structuralism’s “figure or origin,” Ferdinand de Saussure.
The third session (on November 7) was devoted to some elements of what is attached to the name Ferdinand de Saussure. Saussure (1857 – 1913) is not only considered the originator of 20th-century linguistics, its generalizing tendencies via semiology, and the structuralist paradigm, but also a figure of heteroclite scientism. He coined the terms “diachronic” and “synchronic” to distinguish between historical and systematic approaches, which he both practiced. He also delved into a dimension of text, speech, and apperception in which “anagrams” are both examples and the name for a dimension otherwise difficult to determine. In all three orientations, something of the unconscious is at stake, which allows for an expansion of what comes with “structure” alone: unification, alienation, and dispersion could be names for it. In Saussure, structure might be originated but when he's voicing it, it never ceases to not be one. We referred to Saussure’s Course, his posthumous notes, as well as to some of his commentators (Arrivé 1994, Bravo 2011, Culler 1976, Maniglier 2006, Milner 1995, 2002, Utaker 2002, Starobinski 1971, Testenoire 2013).
The fourth session (on November 21) continued the discussion of de Saussure’s heteroclite relation to “structure.” His splitting of structure—without using the word—into the enigma of discourse, phonation, and “transmission” on the one hand and the paradox of a system in which nothing is positively given on the other guided our first glance at Lacan. We started seeing how Saussure’s "split" reappears in Lacan.
In the fifth session (on December 12) we continued to detect the saussurian split in the shape of “subject” and “signifier” in Lacan’s 1950s (in "The Freudian Thing," "The Signification of the Phallus," "The Instance of the Letter," "Field and Function of Speech," as well as his seminars of the time). Starting from his allergic-sounding exhortation "Let's leave de Saussure alone!" in his seminar on Freud's technical writings, we saw that Lacan both insists on how "structure" originates in language and, paradoxically, appears at its outside. The topology of this paradox resonates with Freud's navel (1900) and its site in "thought"--and with the unconscious as part of a "structure" of continuity from speech to the unmarked (unerkannt).
In the sixth session (on January 9), we continued our reading of the saussurian impact on Lacan's "construction" and "reduction" of psychoanalysis. In the dimension of the psychoses in particular, structure and language start to resonate of each other in a constellation that gives an unheard-of meaning to "structure"--and to "language" as well (Milner 1995 and Balmes 2011 will be of help).
This bibliography will be updated continuously throughout the seminar.
///
Arrivé, M. (1994). Linguistique et psychanalyse. Freud, Saussure, Hjelmslev, Lacan et les autres. Paris: Méridiens Klincksieck. English translation: Arrivé, M. (1994). Linguistics and Psychoanalysis: Freud, Saussure, Hjelmslev, Lacan and Others, trans. by James Lehmann. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995.
//
Balmes, F. (2011). Structure, logique, aliénation : recherches en psychanalyse. Paris: Éditions Erès.
//
Barbut, M. (1966). Sur le sens du mot structure en mathématiques. Les Temps Modernes, 246, pp. 791–814.
//
Bataille, G. (1930a). La valeur d’usage de D.A.F. de Sade (II). Documents, vol. 3 (no. 6), pp. 336–351. Reprinted in: Œuvres complètes, vol. I: Premiers écrits 1922–1940, pp. 187–201. Paris: Gallimard, 1970. English translation: The Use Value of D.A.F. de Sade (Part II). In: Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927–1939, ed. and trans. by Allan Stoekl with Carl R. Lovitt and Donald M. Leslie Jr. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985, pp. 91–104.
/
Bataille, G. (1930b). L’œil pinéal. Documents, vol. 3 (no. 7), pp. 382–395. Reprinted in: Œuvres complètes, vol. II: Écrits posthumes, 1922–1940. Articles, essais, fragments, pp. 9–66 (dossier L’œil pinéal). Paris: Gallimard, 1970. English translation: The Pineal Eye. In: Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927–1939, ed. and trans. by Allan Stoekl with Carl R. Lovitt and Donald M. Leslie Jr. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985, pp. 80–90.
/
Bataille, G. (1932–1934). Dossier Hétérologie. In: Œuvres complètes, vol. II: Écrits posthumes, 1922–1940. Articles, essais, fragments, pp. 69–138. Paris: Gallimard, 1970. English translation: Dossier Heterology (Science of the Other). In: The Bataille Reader, ed. Fred Botting and Scott Wilson. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997, pp. 111–126.
/
Bataille, G. (1933). La structure psychologique du fascisme. La Critique sociale, 7 (mars), pp. 12–25. Reprinted in: Œuvres complètes, vol. I: Premiers écrits 1922–1940, pp. 331–350. Paris: Gallimard, 1970. English translation: The Psychological Structure of Fascism. In: Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927–1939, ed. and trans. by Allan Stoekl with Carl R. Lovitt and Donald M. Leslie Jr. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985, pp. 137–160.
//
Benveniste, É. (1962). La notion de structure en linguistique. Word: Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 18(2), pp. 197–210. Reprinted in: Problèmes de linguistique générale, vol. I, pp. 91–104. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1966. English translation: The Notion of Structure in Linguistics. In: Problems in General Linguistics, trans. by Mary Elizabeth Meek, pp. 97–106. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1971.
/
Benveniste, É. (1966). Remarques sur la fonction du langage dans la découverte freudienne. In: Problèmes de linguistique générale, vol. I, pp. 75–87. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. English translation: Remarks on the Function of Language in the Freudian Discovery. In: Problems in General Linguistics, trans. by Mary Elizabeth Meek, pp. 80–92. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1971.
//
Bravo, F. (2011). Anagrammes. Sur une hypothèse de Ferdinand de Saussure. Limoges: Éditions Lambert-Lucas.
//
Cassin, B. (ed.) (2004). Vocabulaire européen des philosophies : Dictionnaire des intraduisibles. Paris: Éditions du Seuil / Le Robert. Reprinted in: Cassin, B. (ed.) (2019). Vocabulaire européen des philosophies : Dictionnaire des intraduisibles. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, coll. Points Essais. English translation: Cassin, B. (ed.) (2014). Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon, trans. by Steven Rendall, Christian Hubert, Jeffrey Mehlman, Nathanaël Stein, and Michael Syrotinski. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
//
Cassirer, E. A. (1945). Structuralism in Modern Linguistics. Word, 1(2), pp. 99–120. Reprinted in: Cassirer, E. A. (1950). Selected Essays on the Theory of Science, Symbolic Forms and Language. New Haven: Yale University Press.
//
Châtelet, G. (1988). Le potentiel démoniaque. In: Petitot, J. (ed.) Logos et théorie des catastrophes : à partir de l’œuvre de René Thom, pp. 199–210.
//
Chemama, R. (ed.) (1993). Dictionnaire de la psychanalyse. Paris: Larousse.
//
Culler, J. (1976). Saussure. London: Fontana. Reprinted in: Culler, J. (1977). Ferdinand de Saussure. New York: Penguin. Revised edition: Culler, J. (1986). Ferdinand de Saussure. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
//
Dautrey, J. (2011). Boulez et Lévi-Strauss : la question de la structure. In: Maniglier, P. (ed.) Le moment philosophique des années 1960 en France, pp. 447–461.
//
Deleuze, G. (1972). À quoi reconnaît-on le structuralisme ? In: Histoire de la philosophie, vol. VIII: Le XXe siècle, ed. François Châtelet, pp. 299–335. Paris: Hachette. Reprinted in: Deleuze, G. (2003). L’Île déserte et autres textes: Textes et entretiens 1953–1974, ed. David Lapoujade. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit. English translation: Deleuze, G. (2004). How Do We Recognize Structuralism? In: Desert Islands and Other Texts (1953–1974), ed. David Lapoujade, trans. by Michael Taormina. Los Angeles and New York: Semiotext(e).
//
Derrida, J. (1963). Force et signification. Critique, 195–196 (août–septembre), pp. 865–906. Reprinted in: Derrida, J. (1967). L’écriture et la différence. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. English translation: Derrida, J. (1978). Force and Signification. In: Writing and Difference, trans. by Alan Bass. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
//
Dosse, F. (1991). Histoire du structuralisme. Tome I : Le champ du signe, 1945–1966. Paris: La Découverte. Reprinted in: Histoire du structuralisme (2 vols). Paris: La Découverte, 1991–1992. English translation: History of Structuralism: The Rising Sign, 1945–1966, trans. by Deborah Glassman. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
/
Dosse, F. (1992). Histoire du structuralisme. Tome II : Le chant du cygne, 1967 à nos jours. Paris: La Découverte. Reprinted in: Histoire du structuralisme (2 vols). Paris: La Découverte, 1991–1992. English translation: History of Structuralism, Volume II: The Sign Sets 1967–Present, trans. by Deborah Glassman. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
//
Dufour, D.-R. (1988). Le bégaiement des maîtres: Lacan, Benveniste, Lévi-Strauss. Paris: François Bourin. Reprinted in: Dufour, D.-R. (1999). Le bégaiement des maîtres, nouvelle édition revue et corrigée, coll. Hypothèses. Paris: Arcanes; diffusion Éditions érès.
//
Fehr, J. (1997). Linguistik und Semiologie. Notizen aus dem Nachlass. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
/
Fehr, J. (2000). Saussure entre linguistique et sémiologie. Paris: PUF.
//
Freud, S. (1900). Die Traumdeutung. Leipzig and Wien: Franz Deuticke. Reprinted in: Freud, S. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. II–III: Die Traumdeutung. London: Imago Publishing, 1942. English translation: Freud, S. (1953). The Interpretation of Dreams. In: The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vols. IV–V (1900): The Interpretation of Dreams, ed. and trans. by James Strachey. London: Hogarth Press.
/
Freud, S. (1925). Der Gegensinn der Urworte. Imago. Zeitschrift für Anwendung der Psychoanalyse auf die Geisteswissenschaften, 11, pp. 3–9. Reprinted in: Gesammelte Werke, Bd. XIV. London: Imago Publishing, 1948. English translation: The Antithetical Meaning of Primal Words. In: The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. XIX (1923–1925): The Ego and the Id and Other Works, ed. and trans. by James Strachey. London: Hogarth Press, 1961.
//
Genette, G. (1966). Structure et critique littéraire. Communications, 8, pp. 157–169. Reprinted in: Genette, G. (1966). Figures I, pp. 155–170. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. English translation: Genette, G. (1982). Structuralism and Literary
//
Goodwin, B. C. (1988). Les organismes comme structures. In: Petitot, J. (ed.) Logos et théorie des catastrophes : à partir de l’œuvre de René Thom, pp. 217–220.
//
Heidegger, M. (1927). Sein und Zeit. Halle (Saale): Niemeyer. Reprinted in: Heidegger, M. (1977). Sein und Zeit, in Gesamtausgabe, Bd. 2. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann. English translation: Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time, trans. by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. New York: Harper and Row.
//
Jakobson, R. (1962). Selected Writings I: Phonological Studies. The Hague: Mouton. Reprinted in: Jakobson, R. (1971). Selected Writings I: Phonological Studies, 2nd ed. The Hague: Mouton.
//
Jakobson, R. (1971). Selected Writings II: Word and Language. The Hague: Mouton. Reprinted in: Jakobson, R. (1979). Selected Writings II: Word and Language, 2nd ed. The Hague: Mouton.
//
Lacan, J. (1955). La chose freudienne ou le sens du retour à Freud en psychanalyse. La Psychanalyse, 1, pp. 401–436. Reprinted in: Écrits. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1966. English translation: The Freudian Thing, or the Meaning of the Return to Freud in Psychoanalysis. In: Écrits: A Selection, trans. by Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1977.
/
Lacan, J. (1973). L’étourdit. Scilicet, 4, pp. 5–52. Reprinted in: Autres écrits. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2001. English translation: The Instance of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud. In: Écrits, trans. by Bruce Fink. New York: Norton, 2006.
/
Lacan, J. (1974–1975). Le Séminaire, Livre XIX: ...ou pire. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2011. English translation: The Seminar, Book XIX: ...or Worse, trans. by A.R. Price. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018.
//
Lewis, C.T. and Short, C. (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted in: Lewis, C.T. and Short, C. (1987). A Latin Dictionary, revised edition with a new introduction by Peter Glare. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
//
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1958). Anthropologie structurale. Paris: Plon. English translation: Lévi-Strauss, C. (1963). Structural Anthropology, trans. by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf. New York: Basic Books.
/
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1958). L’analyse structurale en linguistique et en anthropologie. In: Anthropologie structurale, pp. 37–62. Paris: Plon. English translation: Structural Analysis in Linguistics and in Anthropology. In: Structural Anthropology, trans. by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf. New York: Basic Books, 1963, pp. 31–54.
/
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1958). Les organisations dualistes existent-elles ? In: Anthropologie structurale, pp. 147–180. Paris: Plon. English translation: Do Dual Organizations Exist? In: Structural Anthropology, trans. by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf. New York: Basic Books, 1963, pp. 132–163.
//
Le Lionnais, F. (1948). Les grands courants de la pensée mathématique. Paris: Cahiers du Sud. Reprinted in: Le Lionnais, F. (ed.) (1962). Les grands courants de la pensée mathématique, 2e éd. Paris: Blanchard. English translation: Le Lionnais, F. (ed.) (1971). Great Currents of Mathematical Thought, 2 vols., trans. by A. F. W. Hughes. New York: Dover.
//
Lucchelli, J.-P. (2014). Lacan avec et sans Lévi-Strauss. Paris: Éditions Nouvelles Cécille Defaut.
//
Malabou, C. (2002). Une différence d’écart. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l’Étranger, 127(4), pp. 403–420. Reprinted in: Malabou, C. (2004). La plasticité au soir de l’écriture. Paris: Léo Scheer. English translation: Malabou, C. (2010). Plasticity at the Dusk of Writing: Dialectic, Destruction, Deconstruction, trans. by Carolyn Shread. New York: Columbia University Press.
//
Macherey, P. (2011). Spinoza 1968 : Guéroult et/ou Deleuze. In: Maniglier, P. (ed.) Le moment philosophique des années 1960 en France, pp. 293–313.
//
Maniglier, P. (2006). La vie énigmatique des signes : Saussure et la naissance du structuralisme. Paris: Léo Scheer.
Universitaires de France.
//
Maniglier, P. (ed.) (2011). Le moment philosophique des années 1960 en France. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
//
Maniglier, P. (2011). Introduction – Les années 1960 aujourd’hui. In: Maniglier, P. (ed.) Le moment philosophique des années 1960 en France, pp. 5–33.
//
Milner, J.-C. (1995). L’œuvre claire. Lacan, la science, la philosophie. Paris: Seuil. English translation: Milner, J.-C. (2011). The Clear Work: Lacan, Science, and Philosophy, trans. by D. Brody and C. Vance. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
/
Milner, J.-C. (2002). Le périple structural. Figures et paradigmes. Paris: Verdier.
Petitot, J. (1986). Structure. In: Sebeok, T. (ed.) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, vol. II, pp. 991–1022. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
//
Petitot, J. (1986). Structure. In: Sebeok, T. (ed.) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, vol. II, pp. 991–1022. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
/
Petitot, J. (ed.) (1988). Logos et théorie des catastrophes : à partir de l’œuvre de René Thom. Paris: Éditions Patiño.
/
Petitot, J. (1988). Structuralisme et phénoménologie : la théorie des catastrophes et la part modale de la raison. In: Petitot, J. (ed.) Logos et théorie des catastrophes : à partir de l’œuvre de René Thom, pp. 359–375.
/
Petitot, J. (1999). La généalogie morphologique du structuralisme. Critique, 620–621, pp. 97–122. Reprinted in: The Cambridge Companion to Lévi-Strauss, ed. Boris Wiseman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 75–101.
/
Piaget, J. (1968). Le structuralisme. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. English translation: Piaget, J. (1970). Structuralism, trans. by C. Maschler. New York: Harper & Row.
//
Pomian, K. (1988). La philosophie de René Thom. In: Petitot, J. (ed.) Logos et théorie des catastrophes : à partir de l’œuvre de René Thom, pp. 313–326.
//
Rabouin, D. (2011). Structuralisme et comparatisme en sciences humaines et en mathématiques : un malentendu. In: Maniglier, P. (ed.) Le moment philosophique des années 1960 en France, pp. 37–58.
//
Rey, A. (ed.) (1992). Dictionnaire historique de la langue française. Paris: Le Robert. Reprinted in: Rey, A. (ed.) (2016). Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, 4 vols., nouvelle édition revue et augmentée. Paris: Le Robert.
//
Ritter, J. and Gründer, K. (eds.) (1971–2007). Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. 13 vols. Basel and Stuttgart: Schwabe Verlag.
//
Salmon, G. (2011). Du système à la structure : la redéfinition de la méthode comparative dans Les systèmes de transformations (La pensée sauvage, chapitre III). In: Maniglier, P. (ed.) Le moment philosophique des années 1960 en France, pp. 159–177.
//
Saussure, F. de (1916). Cours de linguistique générale, ed. by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye with the collaboration of Albert Riedlinger. Lausanne and Paris: Payot. Reprinted in: Saussure, F. de (1972). Cours de linguistique générale, édition critique préparée par Tullio De Mauro. Paris: Payot. English translation: Saussure, F. de (1959). Course in General Linguistics, trans. by Wade Baskin. New York: Philosophical Library; reprinted as Saussure, F. de (2011). Course in General Linguistics, ed. Perry Meisel and Haun Saussy, trans. Wade Baskin (revised edition). New York: Columbia University Press.
/
Saussure, F. de (2013). Anagrammes homériques, éd. et présentés par Pierre-Yves Testenoire; préface de Daniele Gambarara. Limoges: Éditions Lambert-Lucas.
//
Scubla, L. (2004). Structure, transformation et morphogenèse ou le structuralisme illustré par Pascal et Poussin. In: Izard, M. (ed.) Claude Lévi-Strauss, Cahier de l’Herne, pp. 207–222. Paris: Éditions de l’Herne
//
Seiler, H. (1988). La dynamique dans la dimension linguistique de la prosaisité. In: Petitot, J. (ed.) Logos et théorie des catastrophes : à partir de l’œuvre de René Thom, pp. 405–409.
//
Serres, M. (1968). La communication. In: Hermès I: La communication. Paris: Éditions de Minuit. English translation: Serres, M. (1982). Hermes: Literature, Science, Philosophy, ed. Josué V. Harari and David F. Bell. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
//
Solms, M. and Gamwell, G. (2015). From Neurology to Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud’s Neurological Drawings and Diagrams of the Mind. London: Other Press.
//
Stengers, I. (1988). La démarche de Thom et la tradition de la physique théorique. In: Petitot, J. (ed.) Logos et théorie des catastrophes : à partir de l’œuvre de René Thom, pp. 327–356.
//
Starobinski, J. (1971). Les mots sous les mots : les anagrammes de Ferdinand de Saussure. Paris: Gallimard. Reprinted in: Starobinski, J. (2009). Les mots sous les mots : les anagrammes de Ferdinand de Saussure. Limoges: Éditions Lambert-Lucas. English translation: Starobinski, J. (1979). Words upon Words: The Anagrams of Ferdinand de Saussure, trans. by Olivia Emmett. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
//
Testenoire, P.-Y. (2013). Ferdinand de Saussure à la recherche des anagrammes. Limoges: Éditions Lambert-Lucas; 2014 reprint.
//
Thom, R. (1972). Structural Stability and Morphogenesis. Reading, MA: W.A. Benjamin. English translation: Thom, R. (1994). Structural Stability and Morphogenesis: An Outline of a General Theory of Models, trans. by D.H. Fowler. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.
//
Utaker, A. (2002). La philosophie du langage – Une archéologie saussurienne. Paris: PUF. Reprinted in: Utaker, A. (2016). La philosophie du langage – Une archéologie saussurienne. Limoges: Éditions Lambert-Lucas.
//
Wisman, H. (1988). La logique de l’atome : à propos de la théorie démocritéenne de la connaissance. In: Petitot, J. (ed.) Logos et théorie des catastrophes : à partir de l’œuvre de René Thom, pp. 473–485.
//
Zafiropoulos, M. (2003). Lacan et Lévi-Strauss, ou le retour à Freud 1951-1957. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. English translation: Zafiropoulos, M. (2018). Lacan and Lévi-Strauss or The Return to Freud (1951–1957), trans. by John Holland. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.